Meeting with Deputy Minister of Justice, Ms M Tshabalala-Msimang on Progress in relation to Legislation and Minister Of Finance,

Letter to the Minister and Deputy Minister of Justice (attached to the end of the minutes -Appendix 1)

Letter to the Minister and Deputy Minister of Finance (attached to the end of the minutes -Appendix 2)

Budget Review Case Studies 1999 (Appendix 3)

The aim of the committee meeting was to have the Deputy Minister of Justice and the Minister of Finance respond to the committee’s questions on gender issues . In preparation for this meeting, the committee had sent a letter to each of the Ministers outlining their questions. Both Ministers, along with representatives from the Ministries, addressed the committee’s questions. Additional questions were asked by the Chairperson and committee members during the meeting. Both Ministers thanked the committee for their efforts and for making them and their departments aware of gender issues. The Chairperson thanked both the Ministers for their leadership and the progress that has been made to implement a gender perspective in the government’s legislation and other initiatives.

Deputy Minister of Justice, Ms M Tshabalala-Msimang, responded to the committee’s questions (see Appendix 1). The committee was interested to know how the Maintenance Act and Domestic Violence Act were going to be implemented and what efforts were being made to follow through on the commitments the Department had made.

On 8th March a meeting was held with the Department of Health, Department of Welfare, and the Department of Justice to discuss how the full package of new gender-related legislation is to come into play. It was felt this was an important meeting because it helped to increase communication lines amongst departments and the discussion focused on – what are the responsibilities, who has responsibilities, timeframes, training, public accessibility and so on. The Department of Education was not present and this was an area of concern.

The Deputy Minister stated that by the beginning of April a finalised draft of the regulations of the Maintenance Act would be submitted to Parliament. There is a very limited budget of R5 million which has been allocated and this will have repercussions on the appointments of investigators and other aspects of the implementation process. The Minister emphasised that the success of the Maintenance Act is to have everything in place ahead of time before the implementation thereof. An effective communication strategy was highlighted.

Questions were raised by the Chairperson and an ANC member regarding how the Justice Department is helping to addressing gender issues in the schools and with children. The Deputy Minister said there is a lack of formal discussions between the two Ministries of Justice and Education. Some informal initiatives such as the distribution of the Children’s Rights booklet at schools and a school competition illustrating Human Rights have been undertaken, but there has been no follow-up to these initiatives.

Other questions raised focused on training and gender issues. One ANC member asked if anything was being done in relation to gender training with the police? The Deputy Minister said there are efforts being made to adopt a more holistic approach to violence against women. Most of the training is done at the Justice Training Centre and there is a need to decentralise training. Another member asked the department if it's goals related to training was being achieved. The response was that it is still too early to see how much impact is being done. The Deputy Minister thanked the NGOs in implementing outreach programs in the community and contributing to training.

Due to time constraints of the meeting, the Chairperson stated that further questions would be tabled. A request for a copy of the draft regulations was made so that the committee could provide feedback before the end of next week.

The Deputy Minister listed a number of events this week that are being held related to equality and discrimination. The Gender Policy Statement Document is being released on 17th March , HIV-AIDS – Know your Rights on 19th March, and Celebration of the new Constitution and Bill of Rights on 20th March.

The Deputy Minister thanked the committee for their contribution and working together over the last four years. The Chairperson thanked the Deputy Minister and the department for the leadership shown and the far reaching legislation that tackles difficult issues.

The Minister of Finance, Trevor Manual and Ms. Ramos, Director General of the Finance Department, briefly addressed the questions raised by the committee's letter on gender issues (Appendix 2). A presentation was given on certain indicators taken from the National Expenditure Publication which provides data that highlights gender issues and how some of the policies are having an impact on women. A brief summary of the budget reviews from all departments was handed out at the end of the meeting.

The Minister presented a number of indicators related to gender issues. The first one highlighted by the Minister focused on the percentage of women in the public service. In the skilled and highly skilled categories the percentage of women represented was higher than men; 54% for women and 46%, however, in the senior management category which was the highest paid, there was a big gap in the representation of women at 29%, while men represented 71 %. Other indicators focused on school enrolment where presently 51% of girls in South Africa are enrolled in schools, housing subsidies where women roughly receive 40% of subsidies compared to 60% for men, and connections per province through electricity where there is a big difference in accessibility between rural and urban.

The Minister then outlined some of the indicators that highlighted the impact of government policies. He presented data on the number of women and children involved in the new welfare Flagship Programme, data on the number of jobs created per Working for Water Program, and data from the National HIV survey indicating the number of women attending antenatal clinics. These were the only programs that had available indicator information.

After presenting some of the indicators related to gender issues and the impact of policy on women, the Minister concluded by stating what direction needs to be taken next:

1. Try and change short-term annualised into long-term expenditures.

2. Change from inputs to issues on outputs and performances.

3. Build on a wider alliance and sensitisation of gender issues between national; provincial and local governments

4. Need to develop a data base and record case studies at all levels.

After the presentation, the Chairperson and two Committee members, directed questions to the Minister. The questions focused on further information on the implementation at local levels, reprioritisation of departments and efforts made in integrating a gender perspective, performance review mechanism, military expenditure, the impact of HIV on communities, and concern about the cuts to disability in the Eastern Cape.

Responses:

Ms. Ramos addressed the question on implementation at local levels. She explained the difficulty in requesting data due to the logistics. She stated that they have started the process at the national level and there is long way to go, but there is data now to build on.

In response to reprioritisation of departments, the Minister stated that there has been significant progress in this budget with the expenditures in health, education, and welfare increasing and the women receiving the benefits of this. The Minister pointed out there still needs to be a system to ensure more of the budget is spent on the people that it is intended for. Both the Minister and Ms. Ramos indicated that the National Expenditures Survey is the start to measuring outputs and it will continue to be built upon in the reviewing process.

In addressing the question on military expenditure, the Minister used the analogy of updating a car or computer to relate this to the government deciding to support the updating South Africa's Defence capabilities by purchasing new air craft. He outlined the process of the decision and the basic rational was because South Africa would not have the capability to defend itself and "it doesn't place us in league with other countries."

In response to the question related to HIV, the Minister expressed concern about this whole complex issue. This year the Health and Welfare budgets have increased. But the dilemma facing the government is that now focusing on the immediacy of the problem, but sustainability is also a major factor because budget increases will not be able to grow.

In response to the situation in the Eastern Cape, the Minister stated that efforts are being made to improve the administrative efficiency and the tracking system.

The Chairperson thanked the Minister for the positive progress in expenditures and the efforts being made to consider gender issues and the impact of policy on women. The Minister thanked the committee for its efforts and keeping everyone on "their toes."

The Honourable Minister D Omar and Honourable Deputy Minister M. Tshabalala-Msimang

Department of Justice

Dear Manto

International Women's Day Meeting with the Committee

There have been many important changes that impact positively on Women's lives that the Justice Ministry has steered. On International Women's Day as a way of celebrating the day we would like to focus on these changes as I have discussed with you.

The Committee on the Improvement of the Quality of Life and Status of Women is therefore hosting a meeting on 8 March 1998 and thanks you for agreeing to meet with us. The committee is interested in hearing about the overall progress in relation laws and programmes which advance the position of women. In addition, the specific questions we would like information on are:

1) Maintenance, Domestic Violence and Recognition or Customary Marriages:

1.1) progress in relation to finalisation of the regulations

1.2) plans for implementation

1.3) budgetary allocations

2) Equality legislation:

2.1) steps that have been taken to ensure that gender concerns are addressed in the legislation

2.2) process and timeframes leading up to the introduction of the legislation in Parliament - how will women be able to input into the drafting process

3) Sexual Assault legislation

3.1) progress on a comprehensive overhaul of legislation in this area

3.2) timeframes for the introduction of legislation

As the time may be fairly short we would appreciate a written documents that you may already have, could be circulated amongst committee members to facilitate discussion. The documents can be forwarded to the committee clerk, Gadija Abdullatief who can be contacted at 403-3831. Gadija is also liaising with your office to see which times are most convenient for you.

Yours Sincerely

Pregs Govender

Chairperson

COMMITTEE ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND STATUS OF WOMEN

24 February 1999

Honorable Minister T. Manuel and Honourable Deputy Minister G. Marcus Ministry of Finance

The Budget 1999

The Committee on the Improvement of the Quality of Life and Status of Women is hosting a meeting on the budget on 9 March 1999. Thank you very much for agreeing to attend this meeting. The committee is interested in:

1. progress of the Pilot Project on "engendering" the budget, the Budget Review and macro-economic policy and the impact of the project on this year's budget.

2. progress on the Ministry's 1996 commitment. to:

2.1. develop a statistical database to provide information on the impact of expenditure disaggregated by gender,

2.2. the implementation of targets and indicators of gender equality and equity in spending,

2.3. the development of a performance review mechanism to evaluate progress and report to Parliament,

2.4. the time use study to contribute to developing a method to include women's unpaid labour within the GDP.

A written report from Stats SA on the above will assist to clarify progress in these areas.

3. whether there are plans to do an impact study to assess the effects of government's macroeconomic policies on women.

As one meeting will not be able to cover all these areas in the necessary depth, receipt of a written document that you may already have would be appreciated and will help to facilitate discussion. These can be forwarded to the committee clerk for circulation to committee numbers.

The committee clerk, Gadija Abdullatief can be contacted at 403-3831

Yours Sincerely,

Pregs Govender

Chairperson

Appendix 3: Budget Review Case Studies 1999

Budget Review Case Studies 1999

BUDGET REVIEW CASE STUDIES 1999

PUBLIC SERVICE EMPLOYMENT

Women account for just over half (51%) of the 11,4 million public servants employed by government’s national and provincial departments. The gender breakdown is more or less constant across population groups. There are slightly fewer African and Indian women than men in these groups, and slightly more white and coloured women than men.

Overall, 69% of public servants are African, 19% white, 9% coloured and 3% Indian. This breakdown is still not completely in alignment with the country’s population profile. According to the 1996 census, 77% of all South African are African, 11% white, 9% coloured and 3% Indian. (The African age profile is, however, biased towards the younger age groups who would not be old enough to be employed.)

The national departments account for 29% of all public servants and the nine provinces for the remaining 71%. The table below gives the gender breakdown within each of the nine provinces and within the national departments. The national sphere is heavily male-dominated while more women than men are employed by the provinces. Close on three-quarters of national employees are men, compared to 39% in the provinces. Most provincial gender profiles are similar at between 59% and 63% women. The exceptions are Gauteng, with 68% women, and Northern Province, where only 51% of employees are women.

Gender distribution of public servants within provinces and national sphere (%)

Gender EC FS Gaut KZN Mpum NW NC North WC Prov Nat’l Total

Men 37 41 32 39 41 39 38 49 37 39 74 49

Women 63 59 68 61 59 61 62 51 63 61 26 51

There are over 300 occupational categories in the public service. The categories differ widely from one another in terms of the number of employees involved. One third (34%) of all public servants are teachers at colleges and schools. This occupational category accounts for 47% of all African women public servants and 42% of all Indian women. It is the biggest occupational grouping among all race-gender groupings except white men. Only 14% of white male public servants are teachers, while almost twice as many (26%) are functional personnel in the SA Police Service. Overall, this latter category accounts for 9% of all national and provincial public servants.

Public service pay is linked to skill level, with all employees falling into one of seven broad categories. Women are slightly under-represented in the lower-skilled category, where they account for 41% of all workers. They are far more severely under-represented in all levels from highly skilled supervision upwards. They account for 25% of the highly skilled supervision group, 14% of management and 12% of senior management. The percentage increases again to 29% of the highest earning "other" category, but this category contains a total of only seven employees – five men and two women.

Skill and pay levels in the public service

Skill level Salary (R) Women Men

Lower Skilled 0-27443 41% 59%

Skilled 27444-47612 54% 46%

Highly Skilled Production 47613-111653 54% 46%

Highly Skilled Supervision 111654-171425 25% 75%

Management 171426-233078 14% 86%

Senior Management 233079-332205 12% 88%

Other >332205 29% 71%

TOTAL 50% 50%

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE & INDUSTRY

The tax holiday scheme and the Small/Medium Manufacturing Development Programme became fully operational during the 1997/98 financial year. By 3 November 1998, 99 projects had been approved for the tax holiday. Between them these projects had created approximately 7500 jobs, 85% of which were occupied by Africans and just over 40% by women. The projects also created 43 jobs for people with disabilities.

Employment generated by tax holiday

Race Men Women % women

African 3649 2710 43%

Coloured 0 0

Indian 0 0

White 767 339 31%

Subtotal 4416 3049 41%

Disabled 17 26 60%

Total 4433 3075 41%

Source: Department of Trade and Industry

Of the applicants for the tax holiday scheme, 12% were women, 59% white men, 15% black men. The remainder were companies and closed corporations.

Applicants for the Small/Medium Manufacturing Development Programme do not submit disaggregated statistics at the time of their application. Instead they supply figures when claiming. By 3 November 1998, 70 of the approved projects had submitted claims. Between them the projects had created over 450 jobs, of which around nine in ten were held by Africans, and just over half by women. The projects did not report any employment of disabled people.

Employment generated by Small/Medium Manufacturing Development Programme

Race Male Female % women

Black 197 212 52%

Coloured 2 8 80%

Asian 1 8 89%

White 23 6 21%

Total 223 234 51%

Source: Department of Trade and Industry

Small, Medium and Micro-enterprises (SMMEs)

The Export Marketing and Investment Assistance Scheme (EMIA) of the Department of Trade and Industry provides partial compensation to exporters for costs incurred in developing export markets. Schemes qualifying for support include:

• Primary export market research

• Outward selling trade missions

• Inward buying trade missions

• Exhibition assistance

• Assistance to industry specific sectors

• Outward investment recruitment missions

• Inward investment missions

• Foreign direct investment research

Between August 1997 and March 1998 323 previously disadvantaged individuals (PDIs) and 791 women-owned SMMEs received assistance through the scheme.

Ntsika Enterprise Promotion Agency provides services to SMMEs through a broad range of intermediaries. Ntsika makes special efforts to reach those who are disadvantaged – whether on account of their race, gender or location. In the second quarter of 1998 assistance provided included the following:

Training and Capacity Building

50 women entrepreneurs

12 rural enterprises

Technopreneur programme providing access to technology and appropriate skills

26 women entrepreneurs

62 previously disadvantaged individuals

17 youth

2 disabled people

School Leavers Opportunity Programme (SLOT) aimed at empowering young people

142 men and 141 women

Women Enterprise Initiative Support Programme

98 women entrepreneurs

30 women and youth

Market and Linkages

18 women entrepreneurs

73 previously disadvantaged individuals

48 youth

Business Development Services

2668 men and 1514 women.

Khula Enterprise Finance Ltd is a wholesale financial institution which provides financial support to SMMEs through a variety of programmes and services. These include a Credit Guarantee Scheme, Khula Start Programme, Seed Loans. Khula uses Retail Financial Intermediaries to provide onlending support to the SMMEs.

DEPARTMENT OF WELFARE

Social Security

Each month the provincial Welfare departments distribute close on R1,5 bn to approximately 2,7 beneficiaries. Old age pensions accounts for approximately two-thirds of both beneficiaries and the total amount. Disability grants accounted for close on a quarter of beneficiaries and funds. The maintenance grant, which is being phased out, still accounted for 8% of beneficiaries and 7% of total payments in October 1998.

Social grants as at October 1998

Grant type Beneficiaries % Amount %

Old Age 1781878 66% 942323002 66%

War Veteran 9787 0% 5145654 0%

Disability 624808 23% 343231176 24%

Maintenance 226379 8% 95219205 7%

Foster Care 44352 2% 29401680 2%

Maintenance/Foster 1854 0% 1713470 0%

Institution 395 0% 46748 0%

Care Dependency 12931 0% 8777028 1%

Unclaimed 1729 0% 0 0%

Child Support 5006 0% 1308755 0%

Total 2709119 100% 1427166718 100%

Overall, two-thirds of grant recipients are women. The proportion of women is highest for the grants targeted at caregivers – the maintenance grant, care dependency grant, child support grant and foster care grant. Seven out of ten old age pensioners are also women, reflecting the lower age of eligibility for women (60 instead of 65 years), higher average longevity and greater poverty of women. The war veteran’s and institutional grants both have significantly more men than women beneficiaries, while slightly over half of recipients of disability grants are men.

Percentage of grants going to women by grant type and province

W Cape E Cape N Cape Free St KZN N West Gauteng Mpuml Northern Total

Old Age 70 62 68 74 78 65 73 75 59 70

War Vet 16 24 7 9 20 48 17 33 3 18

Disability 40 48 43 45 49 51 44 49 46 47

Mainten 99 99 98 97 99 98 99 99 99 99

Foster 91 95 92 86 92 88 86 82 82 90

Mnt/Fost 99 100 100 99 100 95 97 97 100 99

Institution 41 25 50 31 35 37

CareDep 97 99 96 95 98 95 96 97 96 97

Unclaim 100 35 59 53 59 23 50

ChildSup 94 94 93 93 97 95 95 98 97 95

Total 70 62 66 68 72 62 69 71 58 67

Social Welfare

The provincial departments of Welfare have established projects in all nine provinces under the Flagship Programme for Unemployed Women with Young Children. By early September 1998 a total of R203693 had been spent, and 1448 women and 1863 children were involved in the programmes. The Northern Province had begun to spend its second year allocations while other provinces were still using the allocations for the first of the three pilot years.

The following table reflects the amounts allocated by the Department of Welfare towards the Programme. These Welfare Department funds have been supplemented in Mpumalanga by R500000 from the private sector and in Western Cape by R80000 from the British High Commission. The table also does not reflect contributions in kind by other government departments in respect of training, infrastructure development, expertise and time.

Amount spent and number of women and children involved in Flagship Programme as at 8 September 1998

Province Amount Women Children

Eastern Cape 312574 130 140

Free State 164792 70 210

Gauteng 346300 279 279

KwaZulu-Natal 302474 360 400

Mpumalanga 368669 333 305

North West 318909 130 327

Northern 592000 70 120

Northern Cape 189975 40 50

Western Cape 400000 36 32

Total 2995693 1448 1863

Source: Department of Welfare

DEPARTMENT OF LAND AFFAIRS

By 31 August 1998 over 100000 households had formally registered their interest in respect of land redistribution projects. Of these households, 77000 had their projects approved, and over 35000 had been designated. To achieve this milestone, the beneficiaries had formed a legal entity, identified land, reached agreement with the owner on the price, completed initial land use planning and the Minister had approved the release of subsidy funds.

Close on 20000 households had received final transfer of land. Just under 10% of households who had received transferred were described as woman-headed (WHH). The percentage described as headed by women was highest in Gauteng (at 45%) and lowest in Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga (3-5%). These statistics understate the extent to which women were gaining access to land. In many of these households the man named as household head would have been absent for much of the year in an urban area. Gauteng accounted for over a quarter of all households with transfer, followed by Mpumalanga (21%) and Eastern Cape (19%). Approximately 85% of the transferred project are held under trusts, 10% consist of Communal Property Associations and the remainder are companies.

Progress in land redistribution to households as at 31 August 1998

Register Approved Designated Transfer

Number WHH Number WHH Number WHH Number WHH

E Cape 13349 4% 8116 7% 5351 11% 3708 3%

Free State 5594 13% 4120 16% 3975 17% 1430 19%

Gauteng 22972 3% 23443 3% 1808 26% 75 45%

KZN 14063 4% 12824 4% 7654 8% 5525 4%

Mpumalanga 9855 5% 6378 8% 5679 9% 4088 5%

N Cape 6039 5% 2517 13% 2208 13% 1741 8%

Northern 9690 27% 7999 30% 3618 38% 1089 14%

North West 17124 4% 8645 9% 3519 15% 1750 27%

W Cape 4166 11% 3695 9% 1559 13% 356 24%

Total 102852 7% 77737 9% 35371 15% 19762 9%

Source: Department of Land Affairs

The Department’s Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate has established a system of ongoing surveys whereby it monitors, on a medium- to long-term basis, what happens to the households which gain access to land. The Department is particularly concerned as to what conditions facilitate the improvement of the economic conditions of community members. It is also concerned about access of those who are resettled to basic services which are the responsibility of other departments or of provincial and local government. The Department is currently investigating more effective ways of working together with these other roleplayers.

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS & FORESTRY

Between April 1994 and end September 1998 over 500000 households were supplied with safe, clean water for the first time. Over 57000 person-years of jobs had been created through the Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. Over 31000 (or 55%) of these person-years were accounted for by women, and a further 14240 (approximately 25%) by young women and men aged between 16 and 25 years.

Jobs created, in person-years, on Department’s water supply programmes

End March 1998 End Sept 1998

Province Total Total

Eastern Cape 2840 5840

Western Cape 435 450

North West 9200 11310

Northern Cape 1285 1380

Northern Province 10130 15200

Mpumalanga 6650 7250

KwaZulu Natal 9535 13820

Free State 1405 1880

Total 41480 57130

Source: Department of Water Affairs & Forestry

The 1996 census revealed that in October 1996 45% of households had their main water source inside their dwelling, 17% had a tap on site, 20% used a public tap, while the rest used other sources. Only just over half (51%) of households had a flush or chemical toilet, 32% were using a pit latrine, 5% were dependent on bucket toilets, and 12% had no proper toilet facilities. The majority of those without access to adequate water and sanitation services are in rural areas. Poor or inadequate services affect all community members. They place a special burden on women who are responsible for most of the household tasks as well as for seeing to the health needs of family members.

The Working for Water Programme of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry focuses on the clearing of ‘thirsty’ invading alien plants and the rehabilitation of degraded land. The Programme is a public works initiative in that it provides jobs for unemployed people living in the many communities around the country in whose areas it has been implemented. The Programme has consistently favoured women in allocating jobs. It has provided for creches to make this possible where women are constrained by child care responsibilities and has included family planning, HIV/AIDS and other gender-related issues in the training offered to workers.

The table below indicates both the average number of people and the average number and percentage of women employed in the last month of each quarter in the Working for Water Programme. At the end of March 1998 there were 42059 people employed, of whom 55% were women.

Average number of jobs created per quarter in Working for Water

4th 95 1st 96 2nd 96 3rd 96 4th 96 1st 97 2nd 97 3rd 97 4th 97 1st 98

All 4053 6027 6092 5440 6637 8386 7737 8139 14286 40781

Women 2084 3030 2911 2706 3364 4483 3991 4441 6379 20455

% Wom 51% 50% 48% 50% 51% 53% 52% 55% 45% 50%

Source: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

Working for Water’s strategy document includes a range of commitments to addressing the needs of marginalised groups. These include:

• that 60% of the salaries and wages should be paid to women;

• that 20% of the salaries and wages should be paid to youth between the ages of 16 and 25;

• that 2% of the salaries and wages should be paid to people who are physically or mentally disabled;

• that at least 67% of the work should be undertaken by people living in rural communities;

• that at least 50% of salaries earned in 1999/2000 by those in management positions will go to black people, and that this percentage will increase to 67% in 2000/1 and 75% in 2001/2;

• that a special emphasis be placed on employing single parents, and attempting to ensure that a policy of flexible time is applied where feasible for those with additional responsibilities in their homes;

• that not more than one person per household be employed in communities with households where no-one is employed.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR

The Unemployment Insurance Act provides for benefits to be paid to contributors or their dependants in the event of unemployment, illness, maternity, adoption and death. The Act is funded through earnings-related contributions by employers and employees. Benefits are calculated at 45% of the salary earned prior to unemployment, and are payable for a maximum of six months.

In the twelve-month period November 1997 to October 1998, 559741 individuals obtained benefits from the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF), of whom 38% were women. 87% of all beneficiaries obtained ordinary unemployment benefits, 9% obtained maternity benefits and 3% illness benefits. The total amount awarded amounted to R1874 million, of which 36% went to women beneficiaries.

Unemployment Insurance benefits November 1997-October 1998

Claimants Amount

Men Women Total Men Women Total

Unemployment 331342 155403 486745 1113493015 489383909 1602876924

Illness 10669 6548 17217 44031132 22385472 66416604

Maternity - 48766 48766 - 162326852 162326852

Adoption - 22 22 - 98192 98192

Death 6149 842 6991 38792633 3717170 42509803

Total 348160 211581 559741 1196316780 677911595 1874228375

Just over 40% of UIF beneficiaries are aged 21-34 years, and slightly under 40% in the 35-49 year age group. Over a third have educational levels of less than grade 8. Over a quarter of all beneficiaries are from Gauteng, just under a quarter from KwaZulu-Natal and 15% from the Western Cape. Each of the other provinces accounts for less than 10% of beneficiaries. Those who register for UIF benefits represent only a small subset – somewhat over 10% - of the total number of unemployed people in the country.

The Department of Labour also provides a service whereby unemployed people over 15 years of age can register as job-seekers at Labour Offices and Centres. The Department will then attempt to find them a suitable job. Approximately 10% of all UIF beneficiaries tend to register as job-seekers. In the first quarter of 1998 women accounted for an average of 45% of registered job-seekers. The unskilled and service occupations together accounted for a third of all job-seekers.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS

The Community-based Public Works Programme

As noted in the 1998 Budget Review, independent evaluations of the Community Based Public Works Programme (CBPWP) identified valuable lessons for policy development. These included:

• the need for more detailed targeting focusing on rural areas, poverty and specifically on women;

• the need for more active promotion of directly productive and labour-saving infrastructure, together with projects to improve access and terms of trade – again taking account of the continuing benefits likely to raise the levels of living of poor women and their households;

• provision for the construction of clusters at the local level, aiming for mutually reinforcing benefits;

• the need to strengthen the internal programme monitoring system.

The Department began introducing these refinements in the Rural Anti-Poverty Programme (RAP), supported by a poverty relief allocation of R85 million in November 1997. The refinements will be continued and spread under the Realigned CBPWP, with an allocation of R274 million announced in September 1998.

The revised Programme Management System for the Realigned CBPWP sets a target that at least 50% of the members of community committees should be women. Women are also expected to account for at least 50% of temporary construction workers, as well as of longer-term beneficiaries from the operation and use of completed assets.

Policy Convergence in the Provision of Physical Infrastructure

In budgetary terms the Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme (CMIP) and its predecessors have been among the biggest public investments in much-needed bulk and connecting infrastructure. The Department of Constitutional Development is administering this programme in line with its support role for local government.

DCD has established a Municipal Infrastructure Task Team (MITT) comprising representatives of all the major government and quasi-government agencies providing different types of physical infrastructure. The guiding purpose of the MITT is to achieve coordination among all such programmes. The approach is not to expect absolute uniformity in the detailed administration of each initiative. Instead the aim is to achieve the closest possible harmonisation of policies and procedures for implementation. One example is the adoption by the CMIP of the geographical targeting system used by the Department of Public Works (DPW) for the Community-Based Public Works Programme.

The DPW has prepared a discussion paper identifying twelve policy concerns from the CBPWP perspective. These include gender equity, wages and the balance between economic and social imperatives in project design and implementation. The next step will be to take stock of the experience of other agencies, such as the departments of Agriculture, Education, Health, Water Affairs and Forestry, Welfare, Housing and Transport. Thereafter, practical steps will be taken to achieve inter-departmental convergence and complementarity of approach.

SOUTH AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICES/TAXATION

In late 1998 a total of 2263079 people were registered as individual taxpayers. Of these, 1516262(67%) were men and 746816 (33%) were women. [one missing?] In addition, 180393 trusts were registered as individuals for tax purposes.

AGRICULTURE

The Land Bank has designed a number of financial products to cater for the needs of women. One of these new products, called "Step-UP’, is designed to give credit access to rural women who have no collateral base. Over time their collateral will be the track record that they develop with the Land Bank.

The provincial Departments of Agriculture employ extension officers who provide a range of services to farmers. The Departments are endeavouring to increase the proportion of small farmers reached by these services. KwaZulu-Natal estimates that between 72% and 95% of farmer beneficiaries of extension services in each of its five districts are women. Overall, over three-quarters of the close on 150000 beneficiares are women. North West estimates that 38% of the over 27000 beneficiaries are women while Free State estimates a slightly higher percentage, at 42%.

The proportion of extension officers who are women varies widely, from none in Northern and Western Cape to 45% of a small number of extension officers in Gauteng, with a third of much larger numbers in KwaZulu-Natal and Free State.

Extensions officers

Women Men Total %women

E Cape 48 364 412 12%

Western 4 9 13 31%

Eastern 4 124 128 3%

E Griqua N/a N/a N/a N/a

Central 35 135 170 21%

Northern 5 96 101 5%

KZN 112 226 338 33%

N East 47 97 144 33%

N West 27 58 85 32%

S East 29 54 83 35%

S West 9 17 26 35%

Mpumalanga 87 288 75 23%

N Highveld 2 54 56 4%

S Highveld 54 65 119 45%

Lowveld 31 169 200 16%

Northern 99 505 604 16%

N Cape 0 22 22 0%

N West 29 244 273 11%

W Cape 0 34 34 0%

Gauteng 17 21 38 45%

Free State 69 137 206 33%

ARTS, CULTURE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The budget for the Department of Arts, Culture, Science & Technology includes allocations to the Human Sciences Research Council and the Foundation for Research Development. These two councils, in turn, utilise part of their allocations to provide grants for postgraduate studies and research.

The Human Sciences Research Council’s research and scholarship funding programme emphasises previously disadvantaged institutions and individuals. The breakdown of the allocation of research grants and scholarships in terms of race and gender for the 1997/98 financial year indicates that close on half (48%) of all grants went to women, and over a third (36%) to African scholars.

Research grants and scholarships 1997/98

Race Gender Grantees Percentage Amount (R)

African Women 191 10% 1 296 810

Men 304 16% 2 423 420

Indian Women 86 4% 577 020

Men 69 4% 857 141

Coloured Women 93 5% 702 104

Men 96 5% 942 141

White Women 561 29% 6 079 003

Men 522 27% 8 393 468

Total Women 931 48% 8 654 937

Men 991 52% 12 616 170

In 1998/9 197 (13%) of the 1496 grantholders supported by the Research and Support Division of the Foundation for Research Development were women. In the same year, 1268 (40%) of the 3151 students receiving grant-linked and free-standing bursaries from the FRD, 45 (53%) of the 85 people supported by Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, and 12 (32%) of the 38 university and technikon students trained through the South African Astronomical Observatory were women.

CORRECTIONAL SERVICES

As at end September 1998, South Africa’s prisons contained 134836 prisoners, of whom 2% were women. Over a quarter of all prisoners were held in Gauteng jails, 16% in Western Cape, 15% in KwaZulu-Natal and 12% in the Eastern Cape. Over half (52%) of all prisoners were African men and a further 42% coloured men. White women accounted for 6% of all white prisoners, while women of other race groups accounted for around 2% of prisoners in the other population groups.

Prisoners as at 30 September 1998

Men Women Total

Free State 11521 267 11788

Mpumlanga 8466 132 8598

KwaZulu-Natal 20852 583 21435

Eastern Cape 15766 521 16287

Western Cape 22253 536 22789

North West 10031 121 10152

Northern Cape 4558 131 4689

Northern 3959 113 4072

Gauteng 37737 889 38626

Total 135143 3293 138436

EDUCATION

In 1997 close on twelve million children were registered at schools in South Africa. The overwhelming majority (98%) of these school pupils were enrolled at public, rather than independent, schools. The proportion of pupils at independent schools was highest in Gauteng, at 6%. Girls outnumbered boys at both independent and public schools in all provinces. Overall, 51% of pupils were girls. At the lower levels of grades 1 to 7, however, girls accounted for only 48% of pupils.

School enrolments by province and type of school, 1997

Province Type Girls Boys Total % girls

Eastern Cape Independent 9489 9459 18948 50%

Public 1080998 1003777 2084775 52%

Free State Independent 5677 5555 11232 51%

Public 390775 381270 772045 51%

Gauteng Independent 48110 44049 92159 52%

Public 696128 685865 1381993 50%

KwaZulu-Natal Independent 12796 10540 23336 55%

Public 1400048 1394299 2794347 50%

Mpumalanga Independent 2337 2002 4339 54%

Public 437852 430322 868174 50%

Northern Cape Independent 2731 2510 5241 52%

Public 91922 92466 184388 50%

Northern Province Independent 3653 3609 7262 50%

Public 927678 921541 1849219 50%

Western Cape Independent 9212 8561 17773 52%

Public 428320 425476 853796 50%

Total excl NWest Independent 94005 86285 180290 52%

Public 5453721 5335016 10788737 51%

NorthWest All schools 470183 464037 934220 50%

Total 6017909 5885338 11903247 51%

Source: Department of Education

Nationally there were 559 233 candidates who wrote six or more subjects in the 1997 senior certificate examination. The overall pass rate was 47,4%. In all provinces there were more women than men candidates. Overall 56% of the candidates were women. In all provinces except Free State more women than men passed the examination. However, the pass rate for women (44,1%) was lower than that for men (51,6%). 11% of women and 14% of men candidates passed with university endorsements.

Mathematics and Physical Science have been identified as subjects of great benefit both to the country and to the personal advancement of the individual scholar. In 1997 53% of students who wrote the senior certificate mathematics examination were women, but women accounted for only 48% of the passes in this subject. In Physical Science women accounted for 48% of the candidates but 44% of the passes.

In 1997, 368329 students were enrolled at South African universities, of whom 82% were studying at the undergraduate level. Just over half (52%) of all university students were African, and just under half (49%) were white. Women accounted for more than half of total university enrolments, and more than half of undergraduate enrolments. However, only 46% of those studying at postgraduate level were women.

In the same year 193700 students were enrolled at South African technikons. Close on two-thirds of these students were African and 25% were white. Women accounted for 42% of students at both pre- and post-diploma levels.

Race and gender distribution of university and technikon enrolments 1997

Afr Col Ind Wht Unsp Total TOT

Men Wom Men Wom Men Wom Men Wom Men Wom Men Wom Total

Univers

Undgrad 22% 32% 2% 3% 3% 4% 16% 17% 0% 0% 44% 56% 100%

Pstgrad 20% 19% 3% 2% 3% 3% 27% 22% 0% 0% 54% 46% 100%

Total 22% 30% 2% 2% 3% 4% 18% 18% 0% 0% 46% 54% 100%

Technik

Pre-dipl 35% 28% 4% 2% 3% 2% 16% 9% 0% 0% 58% 42% 100%

Pst-dipl 17% 18% 6% 3% 5% 4% 31% 17% 0% 0% 58% 42% 100%

Total 35% 28% 4% 2% 3% 2% 16% 9% 0% 0% 58% 42% 100%

Source: Department of Education

HEALTH

The Department of Health conducts national surveys of HIV prevalence among women attending the antenatal clinics of the public health service. The overall prevalence increased from 7,6% in 1994 to 16,0% in 1998. Geographically, the rate was highest in North-West province where a quarter of the women were found to be HIV positive. In terms of age, prevalence was highest among women aged 25 to 29 years.

National HIV surveys of women attending public antenatal clinics: Estimated HIV+

1994 1995 1996 1997

South Africa 7.6 10.4 14.2 16.0

Western Cape 1.2 1.7 3.1 6.3

Eastern Cape 4.5 6.0 8.1 12.6

Northern Cape 1.8 5.3 6.5 8.6

Free State 9.2 11.0 17.5 19.6

KwaZulu Natal 14.4 18.2 19.9 26.9

Mpumalanga 12.2 16.2 15.8 22.6

Northern 3.0 4.9 8.0 8.2

Gauteng 6.4 12.0 15.5 17.1

North West 6.7 8.3 25.1 18.1

Age group

< 20 years 6.5 9.5 12.9 12.7

20-24 years 8.9 13.1 17.7 19.7

25-29 years 8.6 11.0 15.3 18.2

30-34 years 6.4 8.1 12.2 14.5

35-39 years 3.7 7.4 9.7 9.5

40-44 years 5.3 4.4 10.2 7.5

45-49 years 0.4 7.5 5.8 8.8

Source: Department of Health, Pretoria

[I am assuming that the rest of the discussion under Health will include the Department’s approach to HIV/AIDS]

HOUSING

In 1994 the Department of Housing introduced a new National Housing Programme with the ambitious target of delivering one million subsidised housing units by the end of 1999. By end August 1998 over 800000 housing subsidies had been approved and 600000 housing units had been completed or were under construction.

The Department surveyed 200000 of the units in seven provinces for its Housing and Urbanisation Information System (HUIS). The HUIS sample suggests that by August 1998 37% of all approved subsidies were registered in the name of women. In Eastern Cape, Northern Province and Free State approximately 45% of subsidies were registered in the name of women.

Subsidies approved to end August 1998

Number women % women Number men % men Total number

E Cape 20385 45 24551 55 44936

Free State 12709 44 15932 56 28641

Mpumalanga 6109 20 24786 80 30895

North West 11713 37 19831 63 31544

N Cape 3838 26 10734 74 14572

Northern 7017 45 8646 55 15663

W Cape 13510 37 22979 63 36489

Total 75281 37 127459 63 202740

Source: HUIS database, Department of Housing

The Housing Monitor tracks delivery of housing units priced below R150000. Their statistics relate only to projects and project-linked subsidies. In late 1998 there were over 1000 active housing projects in this price bracket. Between them these projects accounted for over 703000 units. The level of delivery in low-priced housing has increased significantly over the last few years, as shown in the table below. The number of units per project has also increased under the influence of the government’s project-linked subsidies. In November 1994 only 108 of over 500 projects were subsidised. In June 1998, 825 of 1037 projects were subsidised.

In 1989 the Northern provinces of Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Northern Province accounted for the largest number of projects. By 1998 KwaZulu-Natal had overtaken the Northern Provinces. Delivery in the Cape provinces of Western, Eastern and Northern Cape and North West was lowest throughout the period.

Level of activity in low cost housing projects by region, 1989-1998

North KZN Free State Cape Total Units

Nov 89 173 162 33 25 393 257000

Nov 90 244 101 127 53 525 220500

Nov 91 - - - - 189400

Nov 92 335 115 182 62 694 206800

Aug 93 182 107 138 69 496 211300

Nov 94 185 106 164 47 502 351900

Nov 95 239 235 159 84 717 499000

Nov 96 270 301 191 93 855 538700

Nov 97 363 361 228 110 1062 751900

Jun 98 300 407 254 76 1037 703100

Source: Settlement Dynamics

A detailed sample of 241 projects of the total of 1037 reveals that in 1998 about 93% of the projects were providing housing packages. The remainder provided serviced sites. This represents a shift from the position in mid-1996, when over 40% of the projects were providing serviced sites.

Most project-linked subsidies are administered through developers. The developer identifies the land and beneficiaries who qualify for the subsidy, sets up a social compact, gets agreement on the product, and then applies to the Provincial Housing Development Board on behalf of the beneficiaries. The Peoples’ Housing Process, on the other hand, works through existing community structures. A housing support centre is established in the community identified, and the community itself sets up an association to apply for subsidies.

The South African Homeless People’s Federation is a nation-wide movement involving nearly 65000 households from more than 1500 savings collectives in over 750 homeless communities. Approximately 85% of the Federation’s members are women. Average household income is under R700 per month.

Federation members started constructing houses from their own savings long before receiving any government assistance. In 1994 the late Minister Slovo agreed that the Federation would receive a grant of R10 million from the Department. This grant was to be used as bridging finance for housing subsidies and for housing loans. The grant is overseen by a Trust on which the government has 50% representation.

In 1995 the National Housing Board in 1995 approved a special subsidy stream for Federation members. The first funds were released in March 1996. By releasing subsidy funds directly to the Federation’s Utshani Fund, the special stream obviates the need for private developers and local authorities and allows communities to design and implement their own housing development. In so doing it significantly reduces development costs which would normally accrue to professional intermediaries such as planners, surveyors, consultants, and conveyancors. The agreement also allows for an abbreviated and much simplified application form.

The framework for the special subsidy stream, as drafted by the national Department, has so far been formally accepted in KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and Western Cape and informally accepted in the Free State. To date the Federation has built a total of over 3300 houses, of which 1200 have been built with some assistance from government subsidies.

JUSTICE

The government is committed to establishing a judiciary which is representative of the population in terms of race and gender. By September 1998 23% of ordinary magistrates were women, 33% were African, and 5% were African women. The proportion of women decreases with increasing rank. Over 7% of those with higher rank than ordinary magistrate were women in September 1998.

Rank, race and gender of magistrates as at 1 September 1998

Special Grade C Chief Regional President Regional Senior Ordinary

White 8 5 151 69 708

Men 7 5 143 65 524

Women 1 8 4 184

Indian 5 3 28

Men 1 2 14

Women 4 1 14

Coloured 1 34

Men 1 29

Women 5

African 1 20 2 16 373

Men 1 19 2 15 78 317

Women 1 1 4 56

Total 1 29 7 172 154 1143

Men 1 27 7 159 145 884

Women 0 2 0 13 9 259

In December 1998 there were 186 judges serving in South African courts, of whom over three-quarters (144) were white men, 17% were black men, 4% were white women and 2% black women.

Race and gender of judges as at December 1998

Court Black men Black women White men White women Total

Appeal 1 - 15 - 16

N Cape 1 - 4 - 5

E Cape 2 - 14 - 16

W Cape 5 - 19 1 25

Free State - - 12 - 12

Transvaal 4 1 45 3 53

KwaZ-Natal 5 - 16 1 22

Bophutatswana 3 - 3 - 6

Transkei 2 - 4 - 6

Ciskei 2 - 3 - 5

Constitutional 3 1 5 1 10

Land Claims 2 1 2 - 5

Labour 2 - 2 1 5

Total 32 3 144 7 186

Source: Department of Justice

Legal Aid

The number of applications approved by the Legal Aid Board has increased steadily over recent years. In 1991/2 there were 57692 successful applications. By 1997/8 this had more than tripled, and stood at 193254. The amount allocated also increased, from R35m in 1991/2 to R307m in 1997/8. However in 1998/9 the amount fell again to R210m.

The percentage of successful applications relating to criminal matters increased as a proportion of the total from 66% in 1991/2 to 79% in 1997/8. The percentage of civil matters meanwhile decreased from 13% of the total to 8% and divorce matters decreased from 20% to 12%. Labour and other matters throughout accounted for less than 2% of successful applications.

Applications granted and funds allocated in terms of Judicare system

Year Criminal Civil Divorce Labour Total Funds

1991/2 38247 7195 11620 630 57692 35206000

1992/3 45599 7792 12802 910 67103 56477000

1993/4 60106 7928 10354 1113 79501 62165000

1994/5 67062 7293 9547 1329 85231 66325000

1995/6 87996 11419 12373 1986 113774 182410000

1996/7 123983 16915 20353 2498 163749 156457000

1997/8 153804 16149 22870 1431 194254 307297000

Source: Legal Aid Board

The Legal Aid Board stopped collecting statistics on the race of applicants after 1995/6. It has never collected statistics on gender. Overall, however, more women than men receive assistance for divorce and more men than women in criminal matters.

During 1996 the Board reserved funds for a gender/women’s rights project. As a result of transformation processes within the Legal Aid Board, this has not received much attention to date. With the transformation complete, the Board now hopes to continue further planning for the project.

MINERALS AND ENERGY

Electrification of houses brings many benefits. Electricity can be used for both income-earning and domestic purposes. It saves time and energy and enables people to perform their tasks more efficiently. In particular, it saves women many hours fetching fuelwood. It promotes health and well-being.

The number of new connections to the electricity grid increased sharply between 1991 and 1994. The number of new connections has remained fairly constant since that date at over 400000 per year. In each year farm worker dwellings have accounted for over half of all new connections.

Annual connections by local government and Eskom, 1991-1997

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Farmworker 51435 145522 208801 254383 313179 307047 274345

Loc Govt 31035 74335 107034 164535 150455 137534 184217

Eskom 0 12698 16074 16838 15134 9414 11198

Total 82470 232555 331909 435756 478768 453995 469760

Source: National Electricity Regulator

By December 1997 an estimated 59% of South African houses were connected to the electricity grid. The percentage of houses electrified increased by five percentage points between December 1996 and December 1997. Eastern Cape had the lowest overall rate at electrification, at 39%. Western Cape had the highest, at 84%. The proportion of houses electrified was higher – at 82% - in urban areas than in rural (32%). The rural-urban disparity was evident in all provinces. It was particularly stark in KwaZulu-Natal, where 84% of urban houses but only 20% of rural were connected.

Connections per province as at end December 1997

Province Type Population Houses Electrified % Elec

Eastern Cape Rural 4 470 004 922 249 187 530 20%

Urban 2 164 902 507 966 374 893 74%

Total 6 634 906 1 430 215 562 423 39%

Free State Rural 1 368 191 253 438 102 671 41%

Urban 1 531 872 367 996 301 573 82%

Total 2 900 063 621 434 404 244 65%

Gauteng Rural 330 948 71 524 38 466 54%

Urban 7 178 178 1 748 694 1 401 923 80%

Total 7 509 126 1 820 218 1 440 389 79%

Kwazulu/Natal Rural 5 191 308 1 015 880 203 187 20%

Urban 3 615 476 846 301 710 974 84%

Total 8 806 784 1 862 181 914 161 49%

Mpumalanga Rural 2 147 969 408 767 247 132 60%

Urban 930 320 203 402 150 200 74%

Total 3 078 289 612 169 397 332 65%

North West Rural 2 537 900 500 643 172 516 34%

Urban 1 107 565 235 796 189 501 80%

Total 3 645 465 736 439 362 017 49%

Northern Cape Rural 274 370 66 350 42 685 64%

Urban 555 705 121 689 102 929 85%

Total 830 075 188 039 145 614 77%

Northern Province Rural 4 673 406 960 723 340 415 35%

Urban 523 228 125 563 92 969 74%

Total 5 196 634 1 086 286 433 384 40%

Western Cape Rural 609 611 141 955 71 694 51%

Urban 3 487 020 830 641 746 853 90%

Total 4 096 631 972 596 818 547 84%

Total Rural 21 603 707 4 341 529 1 406 296 32%

Urban 21 094 266 4 988 048 4 071 815 82%

TOTAL 42 697 973 9 329 577 5 478 111 59%

Source: National Electricity Regulator

PUBLIC ENTERPRISES

There are still very few women among the members of public enterprise boards.

Membership of public enterprise boards

Enterprise Women Men

Denel 2 10

Autonet 0 9

Central Energy Fund 1 6

Post Office 1 6

Telkom 2 12

Eskom 1 10

Armscor 1 6

Atomic Energy Board 0 10

Mossgas 2 3

Soekor

Strategic Fuel Fund

SA MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

The SA Management Development Institute offers training for public servants. The types of training offered include:

• Training of trainers

• Provisioning management and administration

• Policy analysis and project management

• Human resources management and management training

• Communication and customer care

• Productivity and quality management.

In addition, the Directorate of Special Programmes offers training in gender sensitisation and gender mainstreaming; change management; personnel performance management, strategic management and transformation.

During 1998 SAMDI trained 5296 public servants, of whom 54% were women, 51% were African and 33% were white. The proportion of women was highest in Communication and Customer Care, at 66%, and lowest in Provisioning Management & Administration, at 46%. Overall, Human Resources Management accounted for 38% of trainees, Productivity and Quality Management for 19% and Provisioning Management & Administration for 16%.

SAMDI’s 1998 trainees by race, gender and type of course

Afr Wht Ind Col N/A Tot

M F M F M F M F M F M F

Train Trainers 153 116 6 12 3 5 47 72 1 209 206

Provision Mngmt 328 257 32 29 2 4 107 107 469 397

Policy Analysis 23 26 1 1 9 10 33 37

HR Mngmt 482 468 55 51 34 39 240 344 147 174 958 1076

Special Programs 79 66 7 6 6 3 45 114 6 3 143 192

Communic/Care 104 161 7 26 3 1 67 153 8 21 189 362

Prod’vity&Quality 216 217 17 42 14 37 126 223 53 80 426 599

TOTAL 1385 1311 125 167 62 89 641 1023 214 279 2427 2869